CAD і BIM-технології в архітектурі та дизайні

Abstract

У статті досліджено значення і перспективи розвитку CAD і BIM-технологій у контексті архітектури та дизайну. Розглянуто сучасні методи проектування, засновані на алгоритмах цих технологій. Охарактеризовано один з напрямків розвитку CAD і BIM-технологій, що ґрунтується на створенні і вдосконаленні програмних конгломератів з метою забезпечення повністю завершеного процесу розроблення, виготовлення, експлуатації та утилізації будь-якого об’єкта.

В статье исследовано значение и перспективы развития CAD и BIM-технологий в контексте архитектуры и дизайна. Рассмотрены современные методы проектирования, основанные на алгоритмах этих технологий. Охарактеризовано одно из направлений развития CAD и BIM-технологий, которое основано на создании и совершенствовании программных конгломератов с целью обеспечения полностью завершенного процесса разработки, изготовления, эксплуатации и утилизации любого объекта.

One of lines of CAD development is based on creation and perfection of software conglomerate primary aimed at complete designing, manufacturing, running and recycling processes of any product. The completeness also includes objects structure designed and manufactured with special equipment as well as management of all technological processes, control of quality, packing, transportation and selling. Thus, CAD/CAM/CAE-systems become more and more universal in application to various design problems, and their computer toolset can be involved in architectural activity. There is a considerable quantity of systems for architecture, interior design and building. All of them, to some extent, can solve the whole complex of questions connected with human environment: architecture, architectural constructions and architectural visualization; planning of cities, construction of roads; landscape design; building, including all engineering communications; design of interiors, in particular – public, decoration of premises, etc. Building information modeling (BIM) is a process involving the generation and management of digital representations of physical and functional characteristics of places. BIM files can be extracted, exchanged or networked to support decision-making regarding a building or other built asset. CAD and BIM-technologies are integrated with recent, but more and more popular direction of the 3D-printing generated by means of special printers. 3D-printers are developed with system of fast prototyping (Rapid prototyping, RP). The 3DP system creates spatial physical prototypes with layers of a friable powder hardened by means of liquid binding substance. This system is extremely universal and fast, allows receiving prototypes of difficult geometry in different application domains, and also from various materials. The technology of the 3D-printing gets the increasing popularity in architectural activity, putting at new level implementation and manufacturing of separate elements of architectural constructions as well as whole town-planning. The most interesting development prospect of CAD and BIM-technologies, in an architecture context, is creation and perfection of the centers of a virtual reality for Product Lifecycle Management (PLM). Virtual reality technologies are used in design of complicated system products (aircraft, cars etc.); visualization of complex architectural solutions; planning of urban development (urban planning); that is where the concept development needed, coordination of components and even testing (up to reception of virtual operating experience) should be spent long before a stage of creation of a physical prototype. CAD and BIM-technologies in combination with 3D-printing and virtual reality open new design possibilities of creation design ideas and their effective implementers in application to architectural activity and design practice. Given in the scientific article examples, supported with appropriate theoretical studies, illustrate the convergence of technologies and design achievements from various industrial sectors. The variety of professional software and its rapid development also must be mentioned, in some cases – the subsequent transformation into new innovations, in others – the disappearance from the scientific field, both temporary and final. Therefore, further clarification of these processes is necessary, as well as determination of their structural components and formulation of application algorithms in architectural and design practice, which requires theoretical comprehension, scientific analysis, reasoned conclusions and approbation in the design process.