Застосування ГІС при дослідження впливу геоморфологічного чинника на потенційну ерозійну небезпеку сірих лісових ґрунтів західного лісостепу України

Abstract

У статті на прикладі сірих лісових ґрунтів Західного лісостепу України подано комплексну оцінку основним геоморфологічним чинникам за ерозійною небезпечністю та визначено найбільш небезпечні території можливої інтенсифікації процесів водної ерозії. Проаналізовано засобами ГІС характер рельєфу території, який разом із кліматичними особливостями, визначає об’єм та швидкість схилових потоків, вологість і водопроникливість ґрунту, тепловий баланс поверхні. Використовуючи цифрову модель рельєфу досліджено важливі характеристики, такі як крутизна, експозиція, довжина та форма схилу.

В статье на примере серых лесных почв Западной лесостепи Украины приведено комплексную оценку геоморфологического фактора эрозионной опасности и определены наиболее опасные территории возможной интенсификации процессов водной эрозии. Проанализированы средствами ГИС характер рельефа территории, который вместе с климатическими особенностями, определяет объем и скорость склоновых потоков, влажность и водопроницаемость почвы, тепловой баланс поверхности. Используя цифровую модель рельефа исследованы важные характеристики, такие как крутизна, экспозиция, длина и форма склона.

Soil erosion is the global threat that is in planet scale affects the supply of food industry - raw materials and energy resources, on the environment, especially the quality of water resources, promotes the greenhouse effect etc. The soil erosion is described as the changes in the functioning of soil systems in composition and structure of the solid phase, the regulatory functions of soils or changes in only one of the above components as a result of deviation from norms and environmental degradation parameters important for the functioning of human and biota. The relief is one of the main most important factor that determines the potential erosion hazard on the area. The relief is hardly affects on the volume and rate of slope flow, humidity and water penetrate, surface heat balance, and determines the potential of erosion. The described in the article study developed a method of estimation of potential erosion hazard on the soil using geomorphological basis. By means of ArcGis software such as 3D Analyst and SpatialAnalyst for each of the experimental plots the raster model slope, exposure and forms slopes were created. Application of GIS techniques, as overlay analysis method, geostatistics and spatial analysis of the changes made to calculate and visualize several maps with the potentially possible implications of water erosion. For these maps the classification was developed with the selected five largest classes of potential erosion hazard on the soils. The potential erosion hazard is determined based on the natural features of the territory, especially morphometric forms, which are crucial in evaluating of the small areas. Rainfall factor R is determined the differences in erosion risk areas for much larger scale, and the factor of soil properties K is quite several fro the same uniformity of soil. It is important to compare the potential erosion hazard on the areas for research and actual data with eroded soils obtained from the field and laboratory analyzes. For example, using GIS analysis was showed that the eroded slopes with straight profile have the power humus horizon gradually decreases mainly to the lower third of the profile. On the hard eroded slope of convex-concave profile the humus layer was completely washed away in the convex area, and strong deposits formed on the concave section of the profile. It should be noted that the assessment area on the bases of indices that characterize the degree of erosion hazard, do not always correspond to the actual data of the eroded soils. In particular, often natural conditions may be a prerequisite for the manifestation of erosion hazard, but when land is used efficiently, such as sustainable farming etc, soil can be noneroded or slightly eroded (research area number 1), and, from the other hand, when the potential risk of erosion is small, and the land is used intensively for a long period without any antierosion methods, soil can be medium and hard eroded (research area number 3).