Карбонатна гірничо-хімічна сировина в Україні: запаси, ресурси, використання

Abstract

В статті розглянуто аспекти, пов’язані з поширенням в Україні, розвіданими запасами та ресурсами, сучасним станом використання та перспективами нарощування запасів і оптимізації використання карбонатної гірничо-хімічної сировини, яка знаходить застосування як меліорант (для вапнування кислих ґрунтів), для кормових додатків при підгодівлі сільськогосподарських тварин і птиці, як технологічна сировина в цукровій промисловості та виробництві соди.

В Украине в качестве карбонатного горно-химического сырья для известкования кислых почв, кормовых добавок сельскохозяйственным животным, для технологических нужд сахарной промышленности и произвоства соды используются в основном известняки, мел и ракуша. Месторождения карбонатного сырья для известкования кислых почв разведаны в пределах Украинского щита, Волыно-Подольской плиты, Карпатской складчатой области и связаны в основном из пластообразно залегающими отложениями баденского и сарматского региоярусов неогена, реже – туронского яруса мела. Мощность полезной толщи колеблется от 3,5 до 26 м. Месторождения известняков и мела для кормовых добавок распространены в пределах Украинского щита, Днепровско-Донецкой впадины и Причерноморской впадины среди отложений сарматского и понтического региоярусов неогена, изредка – меловой системы и представлены толщами известняков или мела мощностью от 2 – 3 до 50 – 60 м. Ракуша встречается в качестве примесей в кварц-детритовых песках вдоль побережья Азовского моря. Известняки, используемые как технологическое сырье для сахарной промышленности известны в основном в Пределах Толтровой гряды Волыно-Подольской плиты, а мел для производства соды – в северо-восточной части Донецкого бассейна и в Прикарпатье. При значительном количестве разведанных месторождений и, соответственно, достоверных запасов в данное время разрабатываются всего 13 месторождений и общая добыча составляет всего 18 млн. т. Перспективы наращивания запасов сдерживаются невозможностью проведения геологоразведочных работ в пределах заповедного Толтрового кряжа и увеличение объемов добычи сырья связывается в основном из введением в эксплуатация уже разведанных резервных месторождений. Предлагается также альтернативное использование в качестве карбонатного сырья отходов сахарного производства и отсевов добычи пильных известняков (Винницкая область).

The chalk-stones, chalk and the tortoise-shell are used as the carbonate mining-chemical raw material in Ukraine for liming of the sour soils, the fodder additions for the agricultural animals and for the technical needs of the sugar industry and soda production. The deposits of the carbonate raw material for liming of the sour soils are explored in the limits of the Ukrainian slit, the Volyn-Podillya plate, the Carpathian rugous region and are connected with the beds of the Baden and the Sarmatian regional tiers of the Neogene, rarely – the Turonian tier of chalk. The capacity fluctuates from 3,5 to 26 m. The deposits of the chalk-stones and chalk for the fodder additions are spread in the limits of the Ukrainian split, the Dnipro-Donetsk hollow and the Pre-Black Sea hollow among the sediments of the Sarmatian and the Pontic tiers of the Neogene, rarely – the chalk system, and are represented by the cuts of the chalk-stones or chalk of the capacity from 2 – 3 to 50 – 60 m. The tortoise-shell is met as the admixtures in the quartz-detritus sands along the Black Sea Coast. The majority of the explored deposits and reserves of the carbonate agro-chemical raw material is concentrated in the three Podillya regions. Only five deposits in Ukraine were developed in general in 2019, from which 326,5 thousand tons of the raw material were extracted. The chalk-stones of the Silurian era lie not deeply in the Southern regions of the Podillya districts and are mainly used as the everyday life-broken stone raw material in the road and the civil construction. The frequent dolomitization, the chemically heterogeneous composition and the presence of the significant number of the admixtures make them to be unfit for the use in the sugar industry and to be of little avail for the production of lime (the high degree of over-crystallization, requiring the significant rise of the temperature of burning). The deposits of chalk, being removed in the vales of the Dniester, the Lyadova, the Murafa, the Nemia and the other rivers, are linked with the Senomanian sediments of the chalk system in the Vinnytsia region. The possibility to use the rocks by the industry is studied insufficiently. The rocks of the Turonian tier in the Northern regions of the Ternopil and the Khmelnytsky districts are presented by the writing chalk of the capacity till 44 – 90 m. The chalk is different by the purity of its composition and, except its use as the carbonate component at the production of cement, it may be used for the production of the air construction lime. The chalk-like limes of the Turonian tier, the white thinly-grainy ones, with the concretions of flints, by the capacity of 3 – 40 m, are widened in the Southern-Western part of the Ternopil region (in the rivers basins of the Zolota Lypa, the Koropets, the Strypa and in the upper current of the river Seret). The chalk-stones have the high contents of the calcium oxide and are the good raw material for the burning of lime. The freshwater rocks – the chalky tufs (travertines), being fit for liming, are also spread in the limits of the Podillya Pre-Dniester region. However, their reserves in comparison with the chalk-stones of the sea origin are not significant, but they are formed namely in those places, where calcium is leached from the soils and rocks. Therefore the deposits of these specific rocks are in fact the reservoirs of calcium, being removed from the soils and being ready for the use. The travertines are actually not developed at the present time. The use of soils of the soft thinly-porous chalk-like rocks, spread in the Pre-Dniester region for the needs of liming, is also reasonable. Their СаСО3 contents is equal to 82 – 85 %, they are lightly crushed into pieces and interact with the soil more actively. The deposits of chalk, containing nearly 3 % of the citrate-dissoluble Р2О5 and acting as the chalky meliorant and the phosphate flour at the same time, are also known. The rocks of the Neogene system serve as the main raw material for the sugar industry, the production of lime and the chalky flour in the Podillya area. They are widely spread and are presented by the sediments of the two tiers – the Baden one and the Sarmatian one. The rocks of the Baden tier are famous only in the Ternopil area, the Sarmatian ones – in the limits of all the three Podillya districts. The purest and the most similar ones, according to their physical-mechanical characteristic features, are the organogenic chalk-stones, connected with the Tovtrov ridge. That’s why the biggest deposits of the raw material for the technical needs of the sugar industry are located in its limits. The horizontally-sectional chalk-stones of the Middle Sarmatian, being less similar, according to their chemical composition and physical-mechanical characteristic features, may also find their use in the sugar production. 13 deposits are explored in general at the present time and their total extraction is equal to 18 million tons at the significant number of the explored deposits and the relatively reliable reserves. The perspectives of the reserves increasing are restrained by the impossibility to conduct the exploration operations in the borders of the protected Tovtrov ridge, and the rise of the raw material’s extraction volumes is connected with the introduction of the reserved deposits, having been already explored, into the exploitation. The alternative use of the sugar production’s wastes, the extraction siftings of the dust chalk-stones is also offered as the carbonate raw material (the Vinnytsia region).