Морфологічні особливості буроземів (Cambisols) пралісів Угольсько-Широколужанського масиву Карпатського біосферного заповідника

Abstract

Подано характеристику морфологічної будови буроземів під пралісами різного деревостану та віку, різної крутості схилу та під різними ґрунтотворними породами, що вплинуло на морфометричні характеристики досліджуваних ґрунтів. Основну увагу акцентовано на дослідженні лісової підстилки, потужності, забарвленні, складенні, гранулометричному складі, структурі, скелетності та включень генетичних горизонтів буроземів. На основі зіставлення морфологічних показників досліджуваних ґрунтів проведено аналіз цих показників. Виявлено незначні зміни морфологічних показників в буроземах пралісів Угольсько-Широколужанського масиву Карпатського біосферного заповідника, яку спричиняють різні фітоценози, різнорівнева поверхня, крутість схилів та характер підстислаючої породи.

Подано характеристику морфологического строения буроземов под пралесами разного древостоя и возраста, разной крутизны склонов и под разными почвообразующими породами, влияющих на морфометрические характеристики исследуемых почв. Выполнено исследование показателей генетических горизонтов буроземов, их лесной подстилки, мощности, расцветки, сложения, гранулометрического состава, структуры, скелетности и включений. На основе сравнения основных морфологических показателей исследуемых почв, проанализировано эти показатели. Обнаружено незначительные изменения в морфологических показателях буроземов пралесов Угольско- Широколужанского массива Карпатского биосферного заповедника, вызванные разными фитоценозами и разноуровневыми поверхностями, влияющими на формирование верхних горизонтов почвенного профиля, крутизны склонов и характера подстилающих пород.

The study of the morphological structure of the soil profile and the morphological features of the genetic horizons makes it possible to disclosure the issue of the genesis of the burozems of virgin forests, which were formed under various phytocenoses. But, in addition, a detailed analysis of the morphological parameters of the studied soils within the protected areas and the correct comparison of the results of field and laboratory studies of burozems under virgin forests and forests, which are affected by anthropogenic activity, is an actual research. The purpose of the research is to study the peculiarities of the morphological structure of burozems (Cambisols for WRB) of Uholsko-Shyrokoluzhansky massif of the Carpathian Biosphere Reserve under different varieties of virgin forest ecosystems and their change, caused by various factors. The objectives of research are the burozems of the virgin forests of Uholsko-Shyrokoluzhansky massif, which are formed on the eluvium-diluvium of flysch with a predominance of clay shales and sandstones. The subject of the research is the morphological structure of burozems of virgin forests of Uholsko-Shyrokoluzhansky massif and its transformation. In order to carry out the research, the following tasks were set: field and laboratory study of the morphological structure of burozems under different beech (pure and mixed) virgin forests, age criteria and different steepness of the slope; analysis and comparative characterization of morphological features of the formation of genetic soil profile of the studied soils. In the process of research, morphological, genetic, comparative analytical and analysis methods were used. Characterization of the morphological structure of burozems under virgin forests of different tree species and age, different slope steepness and under different parent rocks has been given, which influenced the morphometric characteristics of the studied soils. The main attention is focused on the analysis of forest floor and depth, color, composition, granulometric composition, structure, skeletalism, and inclusions of the genetic horizons of burozems. On the basis of a correct comparison of all morphological indices of the studied soils, their analysis has been carried out, which showed that the thickness of the soil profile of burozems within the Uholsko-Shyrokoluzhansky massif are moderate and deep. Forest floor in beech virgin forests is thick (up to 5 cm) within the Uholka massif and moderate in the Shyroka Luzhanka massif (up to 3 cm). Humus accumulative horizon of virgin forests is characterized by a change in color from light brown or dark gray to dark brown, by granular structure and content of angular rock material 15-30 %. The upper transition horizon is characterized by grayish-brown and brown color, by granular-blocky and blocky structure and angular rock material content growth up to 35 %. The lower (transition to the parent rock) horizon is characterized by from light yellowish-brown to brown color, by blocky-angular structure, and angular rock material content is increased to 45 %. Parent rock is represented by the eluvium-diluvium of flysch with a predominance of clay shales or sandstones. In general, a slight change in the morphological parameters in the burozems of the virgin forests of Uholsko- Shyrokoluzhansky massif has been detected, which is caused by various phytocenoses and a multi-level surface and has a significant effect on the formation of the upper horizons of the soil profile. Also, the steepness of the slopes and the nature of the parent rock has a significant effect on the formation of the morphological profile.