Формування здорового способу життя учнів початкової школи (друга половина XX -початок XXІ століття)

Abstract

У дисертації на основі вивчення наукової літератури, архівних джерел, аналізу теорії та практики здійснено комплексне дослідження формування здорового способу життя учнів початкової школи (друга половина XX – початок XXІ століття). Окреслено сутність базових дефініцій, а саме: «здоров’я», «здоровий спосіб життя», «формування здорового способу життя» та визначено поняття «формування здорового способу життя учнів початкової школи». Виявлено чинники (соціально-економічні, освітні, медико-гігієнічні, соціокультурні), що впливали на формування здорового способу життя молодших школярів у досліджуваний період. Обґрунтовано авторську періодизацію формування здорового способу життя учнів початкової школи з 1950 р. до початку ХХІ століття (2017 рік), що містить три періоди: І період (1950–1969 рр.) – організаційний; ІІ період (1970–1990 рр.) – реформаційний; ІІІ період (1991–2017 рр.) – модернізаційний. Окреслено перспективні напрями застосування ідей історико-педагогічного досвіду щодо формування здорового способу життя учнів початкової школи в контексті сучасних освітніх реформ.

В диссертации на основе изучения научной литературы, архивных источников, анализа теории и практики осуществлено комплексное исследование формирования здорового образа жизни учащихся начальной школы (вторая половина XX – начало XXI века). Очерчено сущность базовых дефиниций, а именно: «здоровье», «здоровый образ жизни», «формирование здорового образа жизни» и определено понятие «формирование здорового образа жизни учащихся начальной школы». Обнаружено факторы (общественно-економические, образовательные, медико-гигиенические, социокультурные), которые влияли на генезис содержания формирования здорового образа жизни учащихся начальной школы в исследуемый период. Обоснована авторская периодизация формирования здорового образа жизни учащихся начальной школы с 1950 г. до начала XXI века (2017 год), содержащий три периода: І период (1950–1969 гг.) – организационный; ІІ период (1970–1990 гг.) – реформационный; III период (1991–2017 гг.) – модернизационный. Определены перспективные направления применения положительного исторического опыта по формированию здорового образа жизни учащихся начальной школы в контексте современных образовательных реформ.

The thesis presents the results of historical and pedagogical research on the formation of a healthy lifestyle of primary school pupils (the second half of XX – early of XXI century). In modern society there is a transformation of social values, among which are increasingly dominated health care, harmonious human developments. The leading factors of such changes are the violation of the ecological balance in nature and environmental pollution, mass production of products of dubious quality at enterprises, the increase in the share of intellectual labor in the economic sector, which entails hypodynamia. These processes determine the relevance of the study of the phenomenon of health. Particular attention is paid to the formation of a healthy lifestyle of primary school pupils, as the fundamentals of a personal health, culture, compliance with the regime of the day are made at an early age. At the same time, the influence of modern information technologies, reduction of motor activity of schoolchildren, destruction in the value consciousness, age-related functional changes in the activities of various body systems, especially primary school pupils, led to deterioration in the health of children. That is why the problem of forming a healthy lifestyle of primary school pupils as one of the competencies of the State Standard of primary education is actualized. The object of research is the process of forming a healthy lifestyle of pupils. The subject of research is the content, forms and methods of formation of a healthy lifestyle of primary school pupils in the second half of XX – early XXI century. Research aim – on the basis of a holistic retrospective analysis of pedagogical theory and practice to reveal the content, forms and methods of formation of a healthy lifestyle of primary school pupils in the second half of XX – early XXI century and to determine the main directions of extrapolation of constructive experience in the modern educational industry. The scientific novelty of the research results is that for the first time: the scientific and pedagogical problem of development of the theory and practice of formation of a healthy lifestyle in primary education in the second half of the XX – early XXI century was researched in full; substantiated the author's periodization of formation of a healthy lifestyle of primary school pupils (the second half of the XX – early XXI century): I period – 1950–1969 – organizational (first subperiod – 1950–1959; second subperiod – 1960–1969); II period – 1970–1990 – reformation (first subperiod – 1970–1983; second subperiod – 1984–1990); III period – 1991–2017 – modernization (the first subperiod – 1991–2001; second subperiod – 2002–2017); identified factors that influenced the formation of healthy lifestyle of elementary school pupils of the research period: socio-economic (euro integration educational processes; improvement of the material and technical base of the educational environment of primary school (spatial environment, providing didactic equipment, the creation of training centers); educational (development of sectoral legal documents; updating the content of primary education; the introduction of research experimental work in primary education); medical and hygienic (mandatory medical examinations of pupils; providing sanitary and hygienic conditions of younger students; the creation of health institutions (Health Centers for Children, Centers of Hygiene and Public Health); socio-cultural (formation of value attitude of children to their own health; conducting promotional activities aimed at motivating pupils to a healthy lifestyle); revealed trends that led to the formation of a healthy lifestyle of primary school pupils in the second half of XX – early XXI century: structural and organizational (organization of sports and recreational activities in the group of the extended day; providing a balanced nutrition through the modernization and construction of school canteens); content (updating the content and structure of primary education for the purpose of comprehensive development of the child in accordance with its age and individual psycho-physiological characteristics; the introduction of «Schools to promote health»); educational and technological (introduction of innovative technologies and techniques: project health saving technologies, personality-oriented training, technology of M. Efymenko, «Learning in motion»); information-educational (agitation and educational activity: performances of propaganda teams, carrying out a month of healthy lifestyle, meeting with doctors, sportsmen, social workers and others); identified prospects for the use of the positive experience of forming of healthy lifestyle of elementary school pupils in modern schools: increase physical activity of primary school pupils through the use of innovative forms of work; cooperation with associations and public organizations; the introduction of a social partnership project, which will promoted to the formation of the value of the health of pupils. In the course of the research, the content of the definitions «health», «healthy lifestyle» was considered and the concept of «formation of a healthy lifestyle of primary school pupils» was defined. Further development acquired provisions that reveal the system of formation of a healthy lifestyle of primary school pupils. The practical significance of the results of the research lies in the fact that its results are reflected in the special course «Healthy lifestyle – healthy nation» and methodological recommendations «Content, forms and methods of forming a healthy lifestyle of pupils: historical and pedagogical retrospective». The developed materials can be used in institutions of higher education in the training of primary school teachers and teachers of physical culture, in the system of postgraduate pedagogical education and in the organization of work with teachers of General secondary education.