Розвиток винокурної промисловості в Правобережній Україні у другій половині XIX - на початку XX століття

Abstract

У дисертації комплексно й всебічно досліджено процес розвитку винокурної промисловості в Правобережній Україні у другій половині ХІХ – на початку ХХ століття. Проаналізовано становище винокуріння крізь призму економічної політики та правового регулювання виробництва спиртних напоїв Російською імперією. Розкрито джерела сировинного та технічного забезпечення цієї галузі. Досліджено інфраструктуру винокурних заводів. Встановлено форми реалізації спиртних напоїв як на зовнішньому, так і внутрішньому ринках та визначено роль у ній різних видів транспорту.

В диссертации комплексно и всесторонне исследован процесс развития винокуренной промышленности в Правобережной Украине во второй половине XIX – начале ХХ века. Проанализировано положение винокурения сквозь призму экономической политики и правового регулирования производства спиртных напитков Российской империей. Раскрыто источники сырьевого и технического обеспечения этой отрасли. Исследовано инфраструктуру винокуренных заводов. Установлены формы реализации спиртных напитков как на внешнем, так и внутреннем рынках и определена роль в ней различных видов транспорта.

In the dissertation the process of development of distillery industry in the Right-bank Ukraine in the second half of the XIX – the beginning of the XX century (until 1914) was highlighted. It is noted that in the pre-reform period, the distillery industry of the Right-Bank Ukraine was fully controlled by the landlords and was closely connected with the estate of the estate. After the reform of 1861, distillation began to develop in new conditions. The abolition of serfdom deprived the landowners-breeders of the free labor of the peasants, forcing them to rebuild their economy on a market basis. In the dissertation work the process of transformation of guralship from the constituent part of the landed estates into an independent industry of the market industry is investigated. It has been proved that to a large extent this was facilitated by the provision of July 4, 1861, which established new rules for obtaining the excise duty on alcohol production and introduced a patent fee from factories owned by landlords. The situation was also determined by the norm of alcohol output, for which the breeder was obliged to pay excise duty depending on the raw material and precisely determined productivity of the plant. Based on a wide range of resources and factual material, this dissertation traced specific changes that have become a reality in the distilling. Introduction of a new excise duties “Regulation” in Right-Bank Ukraine has led to the cessation of the existence of several hundred small landlords’ distilleries – those that were smaller than the established limit of the “Regulation” which was 540 buckets of the capacity of all fermentation barrels. At the same time, it confirms the scientific conclusion that the excise duties Regulation gave significant advantages to the distilleries where the latest technologies were used. The investigation shows that the fiscal policy of the Russian tsarism was aimed to provide market outlets for manufactured goods at the highest prices with the simultaneous and comprehensive protection of the interests of the landlords. The taxation, financial and credit policies of tsarism followed it and had signs of protectionism. It was said that the implementation of taxation policy was in the interests of industrial development, but in fact the tsarist government turned it into a source of refinement of the treasury and in the means of robbery of workers by raising the prices for consumer goods, to support only industrial magnates, favored capitalists and foreign investors. The aim of the protectionist policy of tsarism was to protect the interests of the landlords, but at the same time to promote the development of industry. Since the end of the nineteenth century the influx of foreign capital into the distillery industry begins. It was established that a large amount of flour, as well as malt, potatoes and molasses, was used for the production of vodka in the right-bank Ukrainian provinces. Among the raw materials that were processed by distilleries in Volhynia, at the beginning of the 20th century. The first place was given to potatoes, and with that, its use in the wine-making region of this area was constantly increasing. Barley, wheat, rye, molasses and yeast were used much less. In the Kiev province, the main raw material for distilling also remained potatoes, whose quantity in processing was increasing only year by year, it was significant to use dry and green sugar and sugar residues. Among the various varieties of flour, the most used was prawns and corn. The main material for provision of industrial distilleries with raw materials in Podolsk province in the second half of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. In addition to potatoes, there was molasses (by-product of sugar production). The dissertation contains significant statistical material, which asserts that distillery production yielded high profits, which consisted of proceeds from the by-product of the bard, which was used as fertilizer. Use of steam engines in the distillery industry of the Right-Bank Ukraine, as well as the pistons of the Pistruis and Saval land systems, indicates the transformation of the latter into the leading technical industry of the market industry in the region. These innovations have been since the 70's of the nineteenth century. Most used in distilleries of the Kiev, Volyn and Podolsk provinces. The staffing of the distillery industry was carried out through the reform of the system of vocational education. Since the enterprises of the Right-bank Ukraine were predominantly raw materials processing, educational institutions, in particular agricultural schools, trained specialists of the corresponding profile. Large industrial enterprises have opened schools as their internal structures, which, in the main, satisfied internal needs. Often, the training of specialists was carried out at the expense of enterprises themselves, sometimes – at the expense of zemstvos. The dissertation contains a lot of evidence that the situation of the workers in most cases was unsatisfactory: there was a meager salary, terrible conditions for their work, increased spread of diseases and even death among workers. The domestic alcohol trade in the Right-Bank Ukraine has a number of peculiarities, the most important of which was the significant development of the stationary, bazaar, fair and shop-shop trade, which was undertaken by the relevant companies (“T. Khristoforov and K° wine trade association”) and trading houses (“Trade House S. Terpelovsky and K. Glyassa” and “Trading House of merchant S.G. Ditinkovsky and K°”). Retail trade in alcohol was in the hands of small traders, among whom predominated persons of Jewish nationality. During the investigated period, the export of alcohol and alcoholic beverages from distilleries to the Right-Bank Ukraine was the main along with other products, especially from the Volyn province. In this very important role was played by various types of transport, through which the transport of alcohol was carried out, namely: railroad, caravan, river and boat. Due to the intensive construction of railways, the peak of which just fell on the post-reform period, especially in the 60's and 70's of the nineteenth century, the transport of alcohol in tank tanks became more widespread. The gourmet transport, however, remained the delivery of barrels of alcohol to the nearest railway stations or ferry and river crossings, which was strictly controlled by the employees of the excise supervision.