Динаміка населення Тернопільської області у 1950-1960-ті рр. в контексті розвитку промислової сфери та сільського господарства

Abstract

Дисертацію присвячено комплексному вивченню динаміки соціальної та етнічної структури населення Тернопільської області у 50-60-ті рр. XX ст. у контексті розвитку промисловості та сільського господарства краю. У роботі розкрито вплив тогочасної соціально-економічної системи на зміну чисельності населення регіону, його етнічну структуру та проаналізовано особливості демографічної політики радянського керівництва. Охарактеризовано вплив політичних чинників (радянізація, русифікація) на зміну структури населення регіону. Показано динаміку чисельності окремих етносів (українців, росіян, поляків та євреїв), що проживали в області у досліджуваний період.

The dissertation is devoted to the comprehensive study of the dynamics of the social and ethnic structure of the population in Ternopil region in the 1950’s and 1960’s in the context of the development of industry and agriculture in the region. The paper reveals the influence of the Soviet socio-economic system on the change of the population of the region. The link between economic transformations in industry and the emergence of new industries with urbanization processes in the region was traced. Significant changes occurred in the region during the period under study, as the process of collectivization began with the process of building up the established farms, which increased their material and technical support and allowed the involvement of skilled workers in the process of management. During the investigated period in the region there was an increase in the number of specialists in the non-productive sphere. The network of medical, educational and cultural institutions has grown several times in the Ternopil region, and the level of services that they have provided has significantly improved. The provision of qualified scientific, pedagogical and medical personnel has increased, in connection with the functioning of the pedagogical and the opening of medical institutes. The ethnic structure of the population experienced significant changes: the number of Polish and Jewish population decreased significantly. In the period of the 50–60’s of the twentieth century Ternopil region remained the only region in which the number of Russian population declined and showed a negative dynamics in subsequent years. However, the region did not succeed in avoiding the process of Sovietization, especially in the cities, mainly due to the growth of the number of representatives of other nationalities. At the same time, the total population of the region increased by more than 10 %, as well as significant changes occurred in the place of residence of the population: in the early 1950’s 89 % of the inhabitants of the region lived in rural areas, then in 1970 their number decreased to 77 %. The causes of this phenomenon were the processes of slowing down the natural increase of rural population and the growth of the role of cities as administrative, industrial and cultural centres. Urbanization processes were intensified by the industrialization and expansion of the service providers network. In the early 50’s of the twentieth century the basis of the region's industry was the food and construction industry, and in the late 60’s of the twentieth century the light, machine-building, chemical and instrument-making industries began to play a prominent role. All economic shifts have stimulated the growth of the number of workers, service providers and employees. In the study period, the countryside became less attractive every year in terms of permanent residence for young people, who, in search of higher earnings and opportunities, moved to the cities. In the course of administrative reform, the number of rural settlements fell, the number of farms whose inhabitants were forcibly relocated to the nearest villages or towns decreased significantly. However, the reduction in the number of children in families was a decisive factor for the rural way of life, which was due to the unnecessary use of a significant number of workforce in the household. The research demonstrates the quantitative and qualitative transformations of the population as a result of migration processes. The main reason for changing the place of residence by villagers was their material position, which was much easier to improve in cities, thanks to the growth of industrial production. Migration of the population of the region to other regions of the country was carried out by the Main Migration Department, which served an important function in the process of displacement of people. In this period, migration for Ternopil region was characterized by both voluntary (mainly domestic) and forced (to the industrial regions of the Donbas, agricultural South of Ukrainian SSR, Kazakh SSR, Russian RFSR). A separate direction in migration was the process of repatriation of the population, which was caused by the consequences of the World War II. Among the repatriates was a population that was forcibly removed to Nazi Germany and required a return to the territory of the Soviet Union. Most of the repatriates were from Western Europe (those who returned to the mid – 1950’s) and America (returned in the second half of the 1950’s and 1960’s XX c.). For the Ternopil region, the repatriation of the Polish population to the Polish People's Republic was typical, which greatly reduced its number in the region in comparison with the previous years.