Керамічні полив’яні плитки в інтер’єрі Галицьких церков ХІІ–ХІІІ століття

Abstract

У статті висвітлено історію виникнення та поширення в інтер’єрах храмів Галицького князівства ХІІ–ХІІІ ст. керамічних полив’яних плиток. Плитки, покриті червоно-коричневою, жовтою і зеленою поливою, були особливою рисою пам’яток церковної архітектури краю. Описано геометричні форми оздоблення підлоги в церквах: квадрат, трикутник, рідше прямокутник, а також складні фігурні композиції. Підкреслено досягнення галицьких митців у формуванні центральної композиції підлоги храму – омфалія. Унікальною рисою, що характеризує тільки галицьке середньовічне зодчество, було використання рельєфних полив’яних плиток. Встановлено, що у формуванні композицій підлог з полив’яних плиток важливе значення відігравали смаки, традиції і художні особливості архітектурних шкіл домонгольської Русі.

В статье отражена история возникновения и распространения в интерьерах храмов Галицкого княжества XII–XIII веков керамических глазурованных плиток. Плитки, покрытые красно-коричневой, желтой и зеленой глазурью, были отличительной чертой памятников церковной архитектуры края. Описаны геометрические формы отделки полов в церквях: квадрат, треугольник, реже прямоугольник, а также сложные фигурные композиции. Подчеркнуто достижения галицких художников в формировании центральной композиции пола храма – омфалия. Уникальной чертой, характеризующей только галицкое средневековое зодчество – было использование рельефных глазурованных плиток. Установлено, что в формировании композиций полов с глазурованных плиток важное значение играли вкусы, традиции и художественные особенности архитектурных школ домонгольской Руси.

A new line of Old Russian architecture was organized in the middle of XII century. During XII–XIII century monumental building had been developing on the territory of Galician Principality and later Galicia-Volyn Principality. There was Galician architectural school. There was one feature in that school – the main building material was white stone but not brick like in the rest architecture schools in Kiev Russ. Galician art of building got influences from Byzantine and Romanesque architecture. Special line of churches’ architectural monuments was using in the interior ceramic polished tiles, which were covered reddish brown, yellow and green glaze. The main source for studying Galician churches with ceramic tiles is archaeological excavations, which were started in the Old Halych in 1882. Researchers L. Lavretskiy, I. Sharnevych, Y. Pasternak, Y. Lukomskiy, B. Tomenchuk discovered these works of decorative art. Thanks to their explorations, art critics make scientific reconstructions of Old Galician churches. Famous art critics M. Malyevska and P. Rappoport made classification of Galician ceramic tiles with relief imprint. Consequently, it was determined that ceramic windows were very significant elements of Old Russian interiers. They were used in Kiev Russ started with first stone-brick building – Church of the Tithes. Earthenware were covered by glaze, were used in decoration of wooden and stony churches and stony palaces. Scientists ascertained that using ceramic panes in Galician architecture was realized by the way of borrowing from the Byzantium culture. For decoration of the floor in Galician’s churches were used simple form panes (square, triangle, rarely rectangle) and planes with intricate form. Striking example of uses intricate compositions in the interior of monumental building is Oleshkiv monument (village Oleshkiv, Snyatyn region). Famous archeology B. Tomenchyk dag and researched it in 1981–1984. He made a scientific reconstruction of Old Russian church. Galician artists reached the biggest attainment in forming the central composition of the floor in church. In the middle of circle was image of pigeon, which is the symbol of the Holy Spirit. Unique trait, which symbolize Galician medieval architecture was using of relief glaze tiles. Unique and original decoration had in the prince antiquity the interior of the Annunciation Church in Halych with a magnificent majolica floor, resembling a solid carpet of yellow, green and brown polished tiles. In addition to the usual geometric tiles, there are also curly-shaped tiles, which refer to the edging of the omphalia. Art of floor decoration in church was spreaded from Нalych to other cities of Galician land – Zvenygorod, Peremyshl and Vasylev. Thus, in the formation of compositions of floors from the tiles the importance was played by the tastes, traditions and artistic features of architectural schools of pre-Mongol Rus. The most original in this respect is the Galician Architectural School, which is obviously due to the originality of its functioning.