Види і типи архітектурно-декоративного освітлення (підсвічування)

Abstract

У статті розглянуто основні види архітектурно-декоративного освітлення та охарактеризовано їх застосування залежно від масштабів завдань, що виконують світлодизайнер. Проаналізовано якісні та кількісні характеристики освітлення залежно від його призначення, джерел світла та освітлювальних устаткувань, що використовують при цьому. Встановлено, що всі ці методи дають змогу кардинально перетворити зовнішність будівлі, пам’ятників та монументів, парків чи скверів.

В статье рассмотрены основные виды архитектурно-декоративного освещения и охарактеризовано их применение в зависимости от масштабов решаемых светодизайнерами задач. Проанализированы качественные и количественные характеристики освещения в зависимости от его назначения, источников света и осветительных установок, используемых при этом. Установлено, что все эти методы дают возможность кардинально преобразить облик здания, памятников и монументов, парков или скверов.

The main task of architectural and decorative lighting is creation by means of light and color the integral artistic image of spatial environment. There are two basic types of architectural lighting of spatial environment that are defined by the scope of solved problems. The first scale – landscape – is created by spatial elements of the city that are seen from far distances. The second scale – intimate – is created by the composition of structures, objects and their color decoration that are seen from close distances. Artificial lighting should maximally identify the architectural image of building, emphasize the integrity of composition, focus on some of the most interesting details. The nature of light gradation at daylight depends on weather, time of day, season, and at artificial – location of light sources and their characteristics. Artificial lighting, which should be part of complex city-planning solution plays an important role in the lighting of streets, squares and garden squares of cities, lighting of city monuments, obelisks, entrances to the city. Among the types of lighting can be highlighted the main ones: utilitarian lighting and architectural and decorative. Modern technologies of lighting allow decorating the city streets and neighborhoods. All tasks of lighting design can be divided into several categories according to the nature of light perception of produced architectural and artistic image: landscape, ensemble, objective, chamber. Creation of mood, changes of urban environment, provision of identity to monotonous quarterly building – the main tasks of light architecture. Today they are resolved with the help of new technologies, modern light sources and computer remote control. The accumulated to date experience allows to divide methods of performing the lighting design of buildings, structures and facilities into several major types: general flood lighting, zone-direct lightning, contour-silhouette lighting, background lighting, dynamic color, designing graphics, photo and multimedia facade, contour lightning of buildings, combined methods. Strengthening of psychophysical perception of the play of light, color, static and moving images can be made not only by combination of different methods of lighting design on the facade of a house, but by using it in everything around it – supporting structures, adjacent landscape, vegetation, sidewalks, roads and even night sky. All these methods make it possible to completely transform the appearance of a building. In this case, for example, even the use of conventional roadside lights not as lighting, but as independent elements of created image can work for a holistic perception of overall artistic idea.