Видозміни традиційної календарної обрядовості Слобожанщини у ХХ столітті

Abstract

У статті розглянуто видозміни календарної обрядовості Слобожанщини у ХХ столітті, досліджено календарні свята, які були актуальні в новій обрядовості. Наголошено, що однією з особливостей святкувань є намагання колишньої влади по-різному заідеологізувати їх, щоб назавжди позбутися релігійності, наповнити свята та обряди новим змістом. З традиційної культури запозичуються народний пісенно-музичний матеріал, елементи дійств, атрибути та дійові особи. У результаті чого сакраментальна календарна обрядовість була видозмінена, інакше розставлені акценти, що спричинило зникнення першооснов традиційних свят.

В статье рассмотрено видоизменения календарной обрядности Слобожанщины ХХ века, исследовано календарные праздники, которые были актуальны в новой обрядности. Отмечено, что одной из особенностей празднований является попытка прежней власти всячески придать идеологической окраски, чтобы навсегда избавиться от религиозности, наполнить праздники и обряды новым содержанием. Из традиционной культуры заимствовано народный песенно-музыкальный материал, элементы действ, атрибуты и самих действующих лиц. В результате чего сакраментальная календарная обрядность была видоизменена, иначе расставлены акценты, что уничтожило первоосновы традиционных праздников.

The paper deals with modifications, which happened in Sloboda ukrainians’ calendar ritualism, which were caused by changing of the political regime after the victory of the Soviet power in 1917. It is deduced what constituents of calendar festivals were used in the new ritualism. In the classification of the Soviet era’s holidays, the following festivals, such as New Year’s shchedrivkas, a festival of spring, a festival of Indian summer, a festival of flowers, a festival of a meeting of spring with a summer, Kupala night and a festival of a farewell to winter were considered as traditional calendar ritual ones. The main features of these celebrations were numerous governments’ attempts to implement an ideology into these holidays in order to get rid of their religiousness and to fulfill them with the new meaning. In order to accomplish this, numerous methodical departments for scripting and development of methodological recommendations on its holding in different cultural establishments were created. Consequently, the traditional calendar ritualism was diluted, deformed and altered. Different society layers, especially the rural population, accepted this information in their own way but without any enthusiasm. It was clear that basic elements and forms of carrying folk festivals and rituals should have been included into the new ones. In this regard, ideologists of that time started borrowing folk music and song materials, elements of action, attributes and characters from traditional ritualism and implementing them into the newly created holidays. Therefore, sacral moments of traditional festivals and rituals weren’t illustrated or were transformed and emphases were placed differently. Some new required characters also occurred in Soviet ritualism. During the New Year’s celebration Father Frost, the Snow Maiden, the Last Year and the New Year played the roles of the positive characters. Moreover, folk characters such as an Old Man, a Goat, Mеlanka, Mikhonosha and a Doctor played the roles of comic and funny characters. Masliana festival was renamed into “Farewell to winter” and personified characters such as the Winter, the Spring, winter and spring months also occurred there. Folk Kupala festival was also transformed and combined with the Day of Soviet Youth. The main characters of that holiday were Maria and Ivan who were the exemplary production workers. An extensive club system which was present at that moment became the guide for the new festive culture and also, it has been implementing festivals and rituals into the life. Traditional ritualism loses its significance and sanctity and becomes a usual profanation of the form. Holy activities are easily replaced by funny and humoristic episodes. Such aimed and planned manipulations with people’s memories ruins ritual’s fundamental principle by intentional changing its existence forms which leads to its total destruction.