Локальний прояв температурних інверсій та їх вплив на сільське господарство Середнього Придністер'я

Abstract

В даній статті досліджено температурні інверсії в умовах сильно розчленованого рельєфу Середнього Придністер’я. Обгрунтовано найпоширеніші причини та закономірності прояву температурних інверсій на прикладі каньйону річки Тернава. Проведено власні дослідження їхнього просторового поширення. Детально описано наслідки для господарства та обґрунтовано шляхи адаптації до цього явища.

The article describes in detail the phenomenon of temperature inversions using the Ternava River canyon (Middle Prydnisteria) as an example. Reverse frosts are one of the most dangerous agrometeorological phenomena. They can occur as a result of temperature inversions. Their manifestation is uneven and depends on the local conditions of the area, especially the topography. The relevance is that on the basis of such studies, a comprehensive assessment of the thermal regime and taking into account the influence of temperature inversions on the development of agricultural crops can be carried out. The conducted research is at the intersection of scientific and practical research in a number of spheres of economic and scientific activity. The territory of the study is the territory of an orchard, near the settlement of Kytaygorod, where a gentle slope turns into a sharp ledge of the Ternava river terraces. The purpose of the research is to record the temperature difference during the night in each of the points in order to understand the mechanism of atmospheric air movement during the formation of temperature inversions. An inversion is a phenomenon when the air temperature in some layer increases with height, instead of decreasing. Inversions affect the development of atmospheric processes and have stable stratification, and their power is small. In the conditions of the variegated topography of the Middle Prydnisteria, it is most often possible to find the manifestation of radiation temperature inversions, which arise as a result of the nocturnal radiation cooling of the earth's surface and the adjacent air layer. They begin to form immediately after sunset, intensifying during the night and reaching maximum values in the morning. In our case, the situational factors contributing to the formation of a temperature inversion are the lowering of the relief in the river valley, where cool air can descend and accumulate. An important factor is the significant height difference, which contributes to the differentiation of air temperature with a significant amplitude. Our studies proved that the temperature difference between the upper and lower parts of the canyons can reach more than 5 °С. The measurements carried out on October 10 and 11, 2023 showed that the air temperature in the evening before sunset in the upper part of the slope was 7.8-7.9 °C, and at the bottom of the canyon it was 8.6 °C, which, in our opinion, is due to stronger heating canyon walls, which in this part have a western direction. At 21:00, at the bottom of the canyon, the air temperature drops to a level lower than at the top of the slope, which corresponds to the "classic" course of temperature inversion formation, during which, in the absence of wind, cold air descends into the relief. Further measurements show that the temperature differentiation of the air increases, and in the lowest areas the air temperature reaches negative values. The impact of temperature inversions on agriculture depends on the conditions and phases of plant development, as well as the level of temperature reduction in a specific area. The greatest impact of temperature inversions occurs when the air temperature drops to sub-zero values, as cold air remains near the surface where plants are located. This is especially important for gardens and vegetable gardens, as well as field depressions, where sensitive plants can suffer from negative temperatures. Low temperatures can damage buds, flowers and fruits, which can affect yield and product quality. Reducing the negative impact of low temperatures is a rather difficult and extremely necessary task for many branches of crop production. This need is especially acute in viticulture, horticulture and vegetable growing. In the conditions of Middle Prydnisteria, the main way to combat negative temperature indicators caused by temperature inversions is to use the territory taking into account its relief features and hardening of plants. The practical significance of scientific research lies in expanding the possibilities of adapting modern agriculture to global climate changes, developing preventive measures to combat frosts, and solving the tasks of agrometeorological maintenance of agricultural production.