Басейновий підхід до дослідження проблем природокористування (на прикладі річки Качава)

Abstract

Проаналізовано структуру природокористування в басейні річки Качава та вплив кожного із видів природокористування на навколишнє середовище. Виконана оцінка викидів парникових газів від землекористування на досліджуваній території, а також від функціонування тваринницьких господарств. Обчислено коефіцієнт антропогенної трансформації геосистем у басейні річки. Виявлене значне відхилення структури землекористування від науково обґрунтованих норм. Запропоновано заходи з оптимізації землекористування в басейні річки Качава.

Due to the analysis of the structure of land use in the Kachava river basin, significant deviations from scientifically sound norms were revealed (anthropogenically transformed territories predominate (72.9%), including arable land (62.2%). Excessively high and ecologically dangerous plowing was revealed: in many cases the lands were plowed up to the riverbed, which can be observed in all villages, due to which the eco-corridors, which are an important part of the ecological network, are broken in the basin. The coefficient of anthropogenic transformation of geosystems in the Kachava river basin (according to the method of P.G. Shishchenko) is calculated, which is equal to 7.2 and indicates a high level of transformation of geosystems in the study area. A positive balance of greenhouse gases over the river basin has been established due to the large share of arable land (1,079 tons of CO2 per year) and due to the operation of livestock complexes (as a result of internal fermentation and manure treatment) - about 300 tons. The impact on the environment of industrial facilities (furniture company (SAMM) in the village of Romanivka, brick factory LLC "Western Trade Organization" in the village of Maly Khodachkiv, Galushchynets quarry, area 45.75 ha, in which limestone is mined, with a capacity of 700 thousand tons per year). The following main environmental problems have been identified: air pollution due to improper disposal of waste in the furniture industry, mining. The level of traffic load in all settlements of the Kachava river basin is studied. The recreational load and recreational capacity of the territory are investigated. Recreation is based on ponds, which are used for fishing, swimming or just relaxing in nature. The ecological condition of the Kachava, Romanivsky, Kolodiyivsky and Malokhodachkivsky ponds was analyzed according to physical and hydrobiological indicators. It was found that they are satisfactory for all ponds, except Malohodachkivsky, which can be used for recreational purposes. Despite the fact that the recreational load does not exceed the recreational capacity of the territory, there are environmental problems such as neglect of the coast, pollution by solid waste. The ecosystem of the Kachava, Romanivsky, Kolodiyivsky and Malokhodachkivsky ponds are analyzed according to physical and hydrobiological indicators. Measures to optimize land use in the Kachava River basin are proposed: it is proposed to reduce arable land by an average of 97.65 hectares (5.7%) due to mostly afforestation; creation of а new protected object (landscape reserve near the village of Maly Khodachkiv). The submitted proposal will increase the share of land under natural eco stabilization lands from 27.1 to 33% of the total area of the river basin and achieve the formation of a continuous eco corridor, which will connect nature reserves