Зооценози екотону, як індикатор меж антропогенних ландшафтів

Abstract

Визначено пріоритетність використання орнітоценозів екотону, як біотичної межі між антропогенними ландшафтами. Встановлено, що визначення індексу видового багатства та біорізноманіття дозволяє виділити чітку смугу із найвищими показниками на межі різних класів антропогенних ландшафтів. Це означає, що концепція «крайового ефекту» Ю. Одума є прийнятною не тільки для натуральних, але й для антропопогенних ландшафтів. Використовуючи цю закономірність можна виділяти межі екотонів та на основі цього проводити районування окремих класів антропогенних ландшафтів локальноого та регіонального рівня.

Определена приоритетность использования орнитоценозов экотон, как биотической границы между антропогенными ландшафтами. Установлено, что определение индекса видового богатства и биоразнообразия позволяет выделить четкую полосу с высокими показателями на стыке разных классов антропогенных ландшафтов. Это означает, что концепция "краевого эффекта" Ю. Одума приемлема не только для натуральных, но и для антропопогенних ландшафтов. Используя эту закономерность можно выделять границы экотонов и на основе этого проводить районирование отдельных классов антропогенных ландшафтов локального и регионального уровня

By field researches it is established that between anthropogenous landscapes it is possible to apply the concept to delimitation of J.Odum’s "regional effect» according to whom in ecotones the considerable share of kinds of each of adjoining landscapes, and sometimes and kinds, characteristic only for this purpose ecotones enters. Thanks to it quantity of kinds zoocenosis and their density grows in comparison with forming ecotones anthropogenous landscapes. Is better the concept of "regional effect» it is shown on contact of wood anthropogenous landscapes with field and pasturable. So, ecotones between wood and a field carries out both barrier, and contact functions for separate kinds of birds. Within the limits of Podol background anthropogenous geocomplexes are agricultural landscapes. They together with other classes of anthropogenous landscapes form various groups ecotones with different degree of interosculation. Having applied corresponding techniques of researches to revealing zoocenosis’es structure of anthropogenous landscapes and cartographic having reflected strips of a high specific variety and density it is possible to spend accurate linear border ecotones, as will display real-life borders of anthropogenous landscapes. Among land vertebrate animals is better the concept of "regional effect» it is expressed at studying bird’s cenosis. Therefore for a basis us was it is taken researches of a specific variety and number of birds in anthropogenous landscapes. Anthropogenous landscapes form a significant amount of groups ecotones, for example between field and wood anthropogenous, pasturable and wood anthropogenous, garden and wood anthropogenous, wood anthropogenous and rural, wood anthropogenous and city, rural and field, rural and pasturable, rural and garden, city and field etc. Each of the listed groups ecotones is characterised by a different index of a specific variety and by that expresses degree of usefulness of environment for nesting of birds. Field researches of natural sites have shown that the structure bird’s cenosis of ecotones formed between pasturable and wood anthropogenous landscapes is marked by a high specific variety. Besides, the important measure of an estimation of a variety of animals, in a case if the quantity of their kinds and individuals is known, there are specific riches. For an estimation of specific riches bird’s cenosis anthropogenous landscapes and ecotones, we used an index of specific riches of Menhinik’s (DMn) which pays off the relation of quantity of the found out kinds (S) to a root from total of individuals of all kinds (N). In comparison with other calculations the given indicator allows very quickly and to make calculations easily. For the analysis of the received results it is necessary to know only that the more the index size, the is more than variety of investigated objects. The received results of calculations have shown that a low index of specific riches pasturable landscapes (DMn = 1,6), the second for this indicator a class of wood anthropogenous landscapes (DMn = 2,4). The higher value of an index of specific riches of Menhinik’s is fixed in ecotones (DMn = 2,9). It will be simple and cartographic to reflect these strips that will allow to receive a clear boundary between anthropogenous landscapes. Thus it is established that research of a specific variety and specific riches bird’s cenosis, revealing of their high indicators, will allow to allocate borders between anthropogenous landscapes transitive strips are with which. They also are ecotones. Structure studying bird’s cenosis of ecotones will allow to add essentially and cartographic to reflect borders between anthropogenous landscapes, both on local, and in regional level