Сакралізація внутрішнього середовища та навколишнього простору галицьких придорожніх каплиць як складова вираження їх духовної сутності

Abstract

У статті подано короткий аналіз таких понять, як сакральне, сакралізація. Висвітлено загальну сутність призначення та устрою галицьких придорожніх каплиць. Розкрито чинники сакралізації їхнього внутрішнього середовища та навколишнього простору, визначено еквівалентність їхньої дієвості у загальному творенні сакральності таких споруд.

В статье дан краткий анализ таких понятий, как сакральное, сакрализация. Освещено общую сущность назначения и устройства галицких придорожных часовен. Раскрыто факторы сакрализации их внутренней среды и окружающего пространства, определено эквивалентность их действенности в общем образовании сакральности таких сооружений.

The article deals with general role and arrangement of Galician roadside chapels. Concerning architectural analysis the sense aspect of a roadside chapel is considered as an area and its limitation. However, taking into account such aspects as artistic, aesthetic and spiritual its essence acquires a broader spiritual, aesthetic, artistic and creative sense. Due to these aspects it is viewed through certain components that represent it as a sacred edifice in their mutually agreed comparison. It is investigated that the internal area of every Galician roadside chapel differs not only in size and form but also in principles of its immediate functioning. On the one hand, such areas are designed as an environment for location of cult objects. On the other hand, they are designed as rooms that appear to be true interiors «to accommodate» people. It is also determined that internal environment of a roadside chapel is not just a simple internal area. It is unique as it undergoes sacralisation. Concerning this issue a short analysis of such notions as sacred and sacralisation is provided in the article. A great contribution to the definition of the notions and representation of their essence was made by É. Durkheim, R. Caillois and M. Eliade. The focus is made on the extraordinary of the sacred, its unique form not only in mental processes of human consciousness but in speculations that occur beyond logical and rational understanding. They serve as a main source of the ideas and designs that have led to the appearance of roadside chapels as «abodes of God», «abodes of one’s own patron-custodian». The above-mentioned points out to the fact that due to such perception of the sacred world person’s creative imagination has built up roadside chapels with «designed environment» for the earthly world. According to the above-mentioned the answer to the following question is given: By what means does a roadside chapel come sacred? Having discovered the sense of the notions «sacralisation», «come sacred» and «symbol of sacralisation» it is determined that the sacred of a roadside chapel is in the first place expressed through its symbolic sense and certain spiritual functions. In the material and figurative aspect the sacred of such a creation as a cult edifice is considered through its resemblance to the images of a temple, icon case, tabernacle etc. Roadside chapels as architectural edifices have never existed independently without «spiritual and material» essence, thus the aspect of sacralisation of such a single object is its internal environment. The essence of internal area of Galician roadside chapels is characterised by a quite broad background of variations. The most widespread and typical is location of a sculptural statue of a saint inside it. The internal environment of such «abodes of saints» is hung with icons, crosses as well as surrounded with statues in different variations etc. Another component of sacralisation of Galician roadside chapels is their surrounding area. The concept of ennobling of the place with an erected object in the light of viewing it as a «sacred zone» around the edifice is discovered. It is found out that on the one hand, such a procedure was conducted by the enclosure of the adjacent territory. On the other hand, it was conducted by the erection of the ground crosses and statues beside the chapel or sometimes in both cases. In a few cases one can see a small bell as an extra component. The peak of sacralisation of roadside chapels and their surrounding area is an immediate consecration of these edifices as well as divine services, prayers beside them or inside, particularly when the bells ring.