Особливості символічної образності масового театру доби Просвітництва

Abstract

У статті досліджено значення масових театралізованих свят періоду Великої французької буржуазної революції доби Просвітництва. Розглянуто особливості створення символічної образності в революційних святах означеного періоду. Показано зв’язок нової символіки з епохою античності. Охарактеризовано основні засоби виразності, які використовуються при створенні художньої образності під час проведення головних масових театралізованих свят

В статье исследовано значение массовых театрализованных праздников периода Великой французской буржуазной революции эпохи Просвещения. Рассмотренны особенности создания символической образности в революционных праздниках обозначенного периода. Показана связь новой символики с эпохой античности. Охарактеризованы основные средства выразительности, которые используются при создании художественной образности во время проведения главных массовых театрализованных праздников.

The following article is devoted to the study of festive theatrical performances of the period of Great French Revolution of Enlightenment. During this period knowledge and intelligence become the main characteristics of society. Significant changes happen in culture in general as well as in the theatrical performances. Great Bourgeois Revolution in France became that historical milestone event which marked that general historical events in culture, politics, society, arts etc. Because of these changes theatrical performances and popular holidays of the new style appear. Among the characteristic features of such performances are: new ritual entertaining and play forms, emblems and symbols. There is also a change of symbolism and its content (ritual of collective loyalty oath, tricolor – saint symbol of Revolution, altar of Motherland – the symbol of dominating cult of the Revolution, etc). During this period the republican holiday calendar of the Revolution is being established. The system of the French revolutionary calendar despite main holidays included the Holiday of Youth, spouse of Anility, Holiday of farmers, and other historical and civil holidays. All these facts prove participation of broad segments of population in the political life of that period. Peculiarities of creation of symbolic imagery in the revolutionary holidays of the abovementioned period are being studied. Special attention is paid to the main holidays of this period, among which the most important for our research are: holiday of the Triumph of Revolution, holiday of the Supreme Being, Day of the Republican Unity; and three main celebrations: transporting of Walter’s ashes to the Pantheon, holiday of freedom dedicated to the soldier of Shatovie’s regiment, holiday in honor of the Federation anniversary in 1792. Under the conditions of the Great French Bourgeois Revolution the theatre of synthesis is born, which was based on the traditions of the Classical Greek and Medieval theatrical performances containing system of symbols. Connection of the new symbolism with the classical antiquity (use of quadrigas, bay leaf garlands, etc). Being shown repeatedly these classical antique images became familiar to the people. The new means of poetic expression which are used in the creation of poetic imagery during organization of theatrical performances are characterized. Usage of allegory, one of the main means of expression of that period, became one of the main attribute of revolutionary festivals and was actively used by organizers of theatrical performances at the beginning of XX century. Music is an important mean of creation of tonal imagery, it had particular meaning during celebration of revolutionary holiday. During this period revolutionary hymn «La Marselliase» and «Hymn to the Nature» were created. Digital (fourteen quadrigas during the celebration of holiday of the Triumph of Revolution) and color (white color as symbol of purity and virginity, which was connected with the Maid of Orleans – Joan of Arc; red color as symbol of blood shed in the battles; blue as symbol of Saint Martin, Patron of France) symbolism is observed. Meaning of the holidays of the period of the Great Bourgeois Revolution is in their democratic character. For the first time in the history of theatrical performances local material, connection with real historical events, new symbols are used, which was the basis for creation of the holidays of the beginning of XX century in the period of modernism, and also became one of the main qualities of the theatrical performances of the beginning of XXI century.