Екологічні аспекти сучасної літератури для дітей (на матеріалі прози З. Мензатюк, О. Ільченка, І. Андрусяка)

Abstract

Дисертація є першим ґрунтовним дослідженням екологічних аспектів сучасної літератури для дітей. На матеріалі прози З. Мензатюк, О. Ільченка, І. Андрусяка доведено ефективність екокритики. Простежено роль інтердисциплінарних досліджень у сучасному літературознавстві, зокрема проаналізовано становлення та розвиток екокритики («зелених студій») як аналізу літератури та культури в аспекті екологічних взаємодій. У творах Олени Пчілки, О. Іваненко, В. Нестайка, В. Близнеця простежена тема взаємодії людини і природи – одна з провідних у літературі для дітей ХХ ст. Досліджено, що сюжет «Арніки» З. Мензатюк розгортається як варіант казки про живу воду за допомогою мотиву подорожі. Для проблематики міських казок «Тисяча парасольок» характерне поєднання морально-етичних, пізнавально-екологічних і міфологічних аспектів. Екологічна складова жанру есе у збірках «Український квітник» та «Зелені чари» полягає в ідеї про збереження природи, зокрема червонокнижних видів рослин. В оповіданні О. Ільченка «Де живуть тварини» в художній формі презентовано етологію та екологію українського світу. Твір «Мандрівка Дощинки» проаналізовано на перетині літератури та природознавства. В оповіданнях «У кого ріжки кращі» та «Як коник співати навчився» продемонстровано вплив літератури для дітей на формування принципів екологічної взаємодії. Доведено, що екологічні аспекти віршоказок І. Андрусяка «Зайчикові книжечка» зреалізовано в соціальному вимірі. У повісті-казці «Третій сніг» екологічна тема переплітається з антиколоніальною. Екологічні аспекти у творі «Морськосвинський детектив» розглянуто в контексті жанрово-стильових особливостей.

This thesis is the first comprehensive research on ecological aspects in modern literature for children. Efficiency of ecocriticism is proved using prose of Z. Menzatiuk, O. Ilchenko, I. Andrusiak. Role of the interdisciplinary research in modern literary studies is displayed. In particular, emerging and development of ecocriticism (“green studies”) as an analysis of literature and culture in the context of ecological interactions was explored. Four waves of ecocriticism are traced: from English writings about nature to development of modern international applied studies (B. Lawrence, Jan Marshall, S. Slovic and others). Sporadic attention to ecocriticism in modern Ukrainian literary studies is singled out. It is traced that man-nature interaction is one of the leading themes in the children literature in 20th century. In works of Olena Pchilka ecological aspects are part of patriotic education. Problems raised in prose of O. Ivanenko deal with multiple nature subjects that are united by moral and ethical factors. Novel fairy tales of V. Nestaiko have plenty of natural information about cooperation of species with each other and with environment. Nature in prose of V. Blyznets is poetical, lyrical, full of delicate insights, childish wondering at the world of living, ability to see the incredible in common things. It is investigated that the plot of Z. Menzatiuk’s “Arnika” uses a theme of voyage to unfold as a version of a fairy tale about living water. In this literary work the genre elements of legendary tale, that explains the history of the medicinal plant, are traced. Idea of the world harmony is delivered through the thought of man-nature unity, ideal ecological cooperation. It is analyzed that range of problems in city tales (collected edition of Z. Menzatiuk “Thousand of umbrellas”) is characterized by combining moral and ethical, research and ecological, as well as mythological aspects. For example, young reader learns about animate and inanimate nature of Ukrainian Carpathians, about interconnection of everything on the Earth, as well as some notions of astronomy etc. It is noted, that Z. Menzatiuk’s collected edition “Ukrainian flowerbed” is dedicated to cultivated plants of the Ukrainian garden. Genre essay is optimal for combining fiction with popular science. Cross-cutting intention of the author is the necessity of saving nature, especially the plants from Red List. Literary works from Z. Menzatiuk’s collected edition “Green magic” are viewed by the author as subjective coverage of the native country’s nature with the help of ecology, folk mythology, Ukrainian history, culture, literature and art in general. Ecological aspect of this edition is also linked to the problems that are raised in the Ukrainian Red List. It is investigated that in O. Ilchenko’s story “Where animals live” ethology and ecology of Ukrainian world are described. Keynote of the story is the idea of importance of every living creature. Behind ostentatious simplicity of this work there is a conclusion that large world of national authenticity is shaped in the childhood. Cognitive tasks of O. Ilchenko’s story “Voyage of the Raindrop” are analyzed on the intersection of literature and natural studies. With his artistic description of the water circuit in nature author facilitates the development of children’s ecological competence. Theme of voyage shapes the plot of the story, allows to include descriptions of natural phenomena, weather specifics, to depict different climate conditions, to show rich flora and fauna of various regions. It is observed that in O. Ilchenko’s stories “Who has better horns” and “How grasshopper learned to sing” the author demonstrates influence of literature for children on formation of principles of ecological interaction. Ecological aspect is portrayed by means of reproduced strings of ecological interactions. Young reader observes a huge world of nature on a scale of restricted area of the zoo where local animals reside together with representatives from other climate zones (“Who has better horns”), or in the open space of prairie and groove (“How grasshopper learned to sing”). It is stressed that in I. Andrusiak’s novel fairy tale “The third snow” ecology is intertwined with anticolonialism. Determinative motives are: ecological behavior of humans, developing empathy to all living and respect to environment. Anticolonial character of the novel fairy tale is defined by the thought that language is the basis for national identity. Category of Alien is the world of humans that is dangerous for forest inhabitants. Category of Other is introduced with she-bear Olena, crippled by people; understanding her need to be supported is an important step for the consciousness of the forest society. Ecological aspects in I. Andrusiak’s work “Guinea pig detective” are described in context of genre and style specifics. Three stories in this work are separate adventures, intertextual relations of which should raise interest to classical literature in children. The writer attempts to provide scientific or logical explanation for natural events and phenomena.