Формування тембру оркестрів у концертних залах

Abstract

У статті досліджено особливості звучання оркестру в концертних залах. Розглянуто чинники, що впливають на формування тембру в умовах замкнутого простору, зокрема музичні інструменти і склад оркестру. Охарактеризовано розміри та форму концертних залів і визначено залежність тембральних особливостей звучання від об’єктивних акустичних параметрів.

В статье исследованы особенности звучания оркестра в концертных залах. Рассмотрены факторы, которые влияют на формирование тембра в условиях замкнутого пространства, в частности, музыкальные инструменты и состав оркестра. Охарактеризованы размеры и форма концертных залов и определено зависимость тембральных особенностей звучания от объективных акустических параметров.

The article examines the features of orchestra sound in concert halls. The focus is on the factors that influence the timbre formation in terms of enclosed space, in particular, on musical instruments and the orchestra. Also the size and shape of concert halls are analyzed and the dependence between timbral sound characteristics and objective acoustic parameters (reverberation time, the early reflections, the ratio of energy to power early reverb, etc.) is determined. Concert halls are big enough influence in shaping the sound image. Concert halls are characterized, above all, its size (volume, area scenes, number of seats), shape (rectangular, horseshoe) and related objective acoustic parameters (reverberation time, the early reflections, the ratio of early energy reverberation to energy and so on. d.). In a closed room with the sound source is formed, so-called diffuse sound field. In diffuse field effect size and shape of the room, absorbing properties of materials. Important is also the interior, including paintings, sculptures, small-scale ornamentation made of wood or artistic sculpture, columns, contributing repeated reflection and scattering of sound waves. In a concert hall sound wave acting onto the human hearing aid causes her subjective sensation, such as volume, height, space location, oscillation character (speech, music, noise), timbre. Timbre is closely related with overtones (harmonics or partial tones, as they are also called). The analysis shows that the absence or lack of overtones (especially in bottom register) sound timbre becomes empty unsaturated. Conversely, the presence of the first five, seven harmonic timbre imparts fullness, richness. Increasing the amplitude upper harmonics give timbre sharpness. Significant influence on the formation of timbre in musical instruments have formant region. Therefore, the orchestral timbre has a great influence so-called diffuse field. Important role in its formation play the acoustic properties of concert hall. Timbre depends on the volume and change with the change in pitch. At the increase of volume, a timbre becomes saturated, complete. With further increase in the volume, begin distortion timbre in human hearing system. The formation timbre effect also has a dynamic component of the audio signal (attack and decay). Most musical instruments sound the attack of tens of milliseconds. During this period, the spectral components of tone are deployed. Hearing perceives a gradual expansion of timbre due to the appearance of new overtones, which has its own dynamic component. This process is characteristic for every instrument and it also plays a role in the recognition tone. The formation of timbre affects also the phase shift between the components of the spectrum. While sounding musical instrument overtone changing phase relations between them and changing timbre picture. Timbre is reflected in the richness of different frequency bands: upper (lightness, clarity), middle and lower (warmth, softness). To characterize the timbre we use such terms as rich – poor; warm – cool, soft – sharp, clear – dull. So, the role of timbre in forming spatial sound image is extremely large. Created sound image should transfer all details of music texture. This can be achieved only when the acoustic properties of concert halls contribute to the formation of transparent timbral characteristics. That’s why, holding concerts in a particular room, it is necessary to consider its acoustic characteristics.