Трансформації українських пісенних традицій періоду зимового сонцестояння від витоків до сучасності

Abstract

У статті досліджено пісенні традиції українців, що супроводжують зимову календарну обрядовість. Окреслено витоки та шляхи розвитку найдавнішого пласту пісенного фольклору з часів середнього неоліту до наших днів. Охарактеризовано причини його виникнення, обумовлені суспільно-економічним прогресом трансформації, та зміну на різних історичних етапах його суспільної ролі. Висвітлено спільні й відмінні риси колядок і щедрівок, їх зв’язок з обрядом та шлях від сакрально-духовних засад у добу неоліту до карнавальної забави в наш час.

В статье исследованы песенные традиции украинцев, которые сопровождают зимние календарные обряды. Очерчено истоки и пути развития самого древнего пласта песенного фольклора со времен среднего неолита до наших дней. Охарактеризовано причины его возникновения, обусловленные общественно-экономическим прогрессом трансформации, изменение на разных исторических этапах его общественной роли. Освещены общие и отличные черты колядок и щедривок, их связь с обрядом и путь от сакрально-духовного начала во время неолита до карнавальной забавы в наши дни.

In the article authors analyses song traditions of Ukrainians that accompany a winter calendar rites, broadly speaking characterize sources and ways of development the oldest to the layer of song folklore from times of middle neolith to our days, describe reasons of his origin and conditioned by social-economic progress of transformation. In basis of winter ceremonies that came to us from prehistoric twenty-four hours and accompanied by singing of christmas carol and shchedrivky, celebration in honour of daily luminary, night sky and life-giving force of water lies. Christmas carol, being conceived as musical accompaniment of heathen ritual in honour birth of a Young Sun, today is a decoration and inalienable constituent of christian holiday of Christmas of Rescuer, Son Divine Jesus Christ. Find shchedrivky only in Ukrainian folklore. Execute them on the Generous evening on the eve of birth of young month. They accompany the ceremony of driving of Goat and Malanka, style an owner, his family, and his states. Execute shchedrivky and on Christening. Both the maximal closeness of period of their implementation (a moving-off of a sun is in ascending position) unites a christmas carol and shchedrivky and that in a calendar-ceremonial circle they come forward as symbols of magic of annual sunny cycle. However both varieties of calendar-ceremonial folklore are convolute were to different celestial forces, served different ritual actions, and it stipulates the different sacral loading, that is why they have an excellent rhythmic and melodious structure, refrains and offenses. Shchedrivky is more old originally. Separate group of songs that is executed during winter holidays, the Biblical present christmas carol, that appeared as a result of fight of Christian Church with “heathen” customs and song on evangelic themes that was created and spread clergymen from middle of 18 century. A christmas carol and shchedrivky of pre-christian period lose the primitive value gradually, become entertaining part of christian winter holidays, sacral functions pass to Church. In a 20 century transformed by christianity, most ancient customs and ceremonies in honour the heavenly bodies of time of neolith, again test aggressive influence. The process of complete loss is completed by them sacral and ritual value. Ukrainian song traditions of period of winter solstice are a difficult folklore complex, in that there is the united experience, religiously-magic beliefs and high-aesthetic traditions. They passed a way from the sacral-spiritual beginning of time of neolith to carnival fun Being sight of the Ukrainian spiritual culture, christmas carol and shchedrivky need maintenance, restoration, reconstruction and careful study all the dynamic displays, in fact it is living witnesses of continuity and centuries-old history of the Ukrainian ethnos Simultaneously, as a constituent of modern culture, they live and develop on the laws of present time. Understanding of sources, historical development and processes of their transformation helps to realize the depth of chums of our spirituality, wakes ethnic memory, assists self-knowledge and forming of national consciousness, claim of Ukrainians as deserving all-sufficient European.