Методика роботи над характеристикою образу-персонажа в курсі літературного читання в початковій школі

Abstract

Дослідження присвячено актуальній проблемі методики роботи над характеристикою образу-персонажа в курсі літературного читання в початковій школі. У праці висвітлено мовознавчі, літературознавчі, педагогічні та психологічні основи методики роботи над характеристикою образу-персонажа; результати аналізу програм, підручників, методичних посібників з літературного читання; виявлено рівень умінь молодших школярів характеризувати персонажі та аналізувати твір загалом. Проаналізовано результати стану сприймання та розуміння учнями молодших класів художніх творів, які сприяли розробці методики роботи над характеристикою образів-персонажів та укладанню типології вправ, спрямованих на формування вмінь характеризувати образ-персонаж. Ефективність методики роботи над характеристикою образів-персонажів в курсі літературного читання в початковій школі доведено результатами контрольного зрізу педагогічного експерименту.

Исследование посвящено актуальной проблеме начальной школы – методике работы над характеристикой образа-персонажа в курсе литературного чтения. В работе освещены языковедческие, литературоведческие, педагогические и психологические основы работы над характеристикой образа-персонажа; результаты анализа программ и учебников по литературному чтению и методических пособий по методике ее обучения; выявлен уровень умений младших школьников характеризовать персонажи и анализировать произведение в целом. Проанализированы результаты состояния восприятия и понимания учениками младших классов художественных произведений, которые способствовали: разработке программы, которая предполагала подбор художественных произведений; составлению системы работы над характеристикой образов-персонажей; разработке системы упражнений для каждого класса. Эффективность методики работы над характеристикой образов-персонажей в курсе литературного чтения в начальной школе доказана результатами контрольного среза педагогического эксперимента.

The thesis «Methodology of work on the characteristics of the image-character in course of literary reading in primary school» is a complex study of the theoretical and practical problems related to the methodology of work on the piece of imaginative writing. The paper discusses the emergence of the concept «image» in the philosophical, pedagogical and literary categories. The problem of the artistic image is considered in the development and from the perspective of its social role. The artistic image as one of the main categories of art carries the cultural imprint and varies according to the main trends and requirements of society. The main features of the image are abstraction, expressiveness, flexibility, self-sufficiency, ambiguity, expressiveness, and confidence. The artistic image reveals not only the individual features of the phenomenon or a group of phenomena, but it also reveals some common features and regularities inherent to these phenomena. Today it is vital to establish common classification of the images of childhood reading that will contribute to the further development of both theoretical and practical areas of literary studies. In the context of the study, special attention should be paid to the problem of the artistic perception, which was widely covered in the scientific literature of the XX-XXI century. The study considers the main properties of artistic perception: objectivity integrity, structure, regularity, non-regularity, consciousness, and like. Perception is considered to be a prerequisite on the way to better understanding of literary works. The majority of the studies on the perception and analysis of the image-character are methodological in nature and therefore directly connected to the schools, where work on the images-characters holds one of the key places in the contents of literary works. In primary school, the problem of perception of the image of the character has traditionally been shaped by the issues related to the reading and writing skills. Unlike the high school, the lessons of literary reading in the primary school are usually organized with under the teacher guidance, as the students find it difficult to determine the motives of characters, and their emotional state, which is primarily due to the age and insufficient life experience. Analysis of scientific and methodological sources results in the conclusion that to increase the level of semantic perception of the students there is a need in the systematic work on the lessons of literary reading. Effective techniques that allow enhancing the qualitative level of perception of students are the use of visual material aimed at clarifying and expanding the knowledge of students about the past and the present (during the pre-reading stage), verbal and graphical imaging, different kinds of reading, compiling a story about the hero, the staging. During the pilot phase of the study, the students have formed the basic skills necessary to estimate the character: to distinguish the protagonist, to identify the secondary characters; to determine the setting of the novel, causes and their relationship; to talk about the reader’s own experiences and the feelings that arose during the familiarization with the piece of art; to reveal the nature of the character on the basis of the author’s characteristics, through action, a vivid portrait of the details, to establish the author's attitude to characters, to formulate the reader’s own attitude to what is depicted, to find the figurative expressions for reasoning represented thoughts. The tasks had the difficulty level depending on the grade and the developed skills of the students. After considering the results of the control phase of the study it is possible to assert that the proposed methodology of work on the characterization of characters during the lessons of literary reading in primary school helps to increase the ability of junior students to perceive and understand artistic works. The scientific novelty of the obtained results is that the thesis is one of the first attempts to comprehensively describe the problem of studying the images of the characters in elementary school, given modern training methods, the latest achievements of pedagogy and psychology. The practical significance of the obtained results is presented in the scientific positions of the thesis, conclusions and suggestions can be used: a) in research activities for further studies of theoretical and practical problems of perception and understanding of the artistic image in literary works; b) in the educational process: in the preparation of lectures for students in the higher education institutions, for conducting practical classes on discipline "Methodology of the Ukrainian language teaching", and for writing textbooks, methodical and scientific textbooks, and other methodological materials.