Значення програмних документів в процесі збирацької та науково-дослідницької діяльності в Україні другої половини ХІХ – початку ХХ століття

Abstract

У статті досліджено особливості збирацької діяльності народнопісенної творчості другої половини ХІХ – початку ХХ століття. Визначено й окреслено специфіку програмних документів цього періоду. Розглянуто роль і значення програм у процесі становлення та подальшого розвитку основних методологічних підходів та принципів збирацької та науково-дослідницької діяльності української фольклористики.

В статье исследованы особенности собирательской деятельности народно-песенного творчества конца ХIХ – начала ХХ века. Определена и очерчена специфика программных документов этого периода. Рассмотрены роль и значение программ в процессе становления и дальнейшего развития основных методологических подходов и принципов собирательской и научно-исследовательской деятельности украинской фольклористики.

The problem of studying the collectivist activity of folk-verse art of the Ukrainian people remains one of the priority research problems. The end of the XIX – the first third of the XX century is characterized by changes in the processes of collecting and researching the song material, manifested in a conscious attitude towards a folk song as a distinctive and original phenomenon. In this period, the formation of a system of theoretical and methodological foundations of musical folklore. The purpose of the article is to reveal the principles and regularities of collecting and research activity of folk-verse art at the end of the XIX – the first third of the XX century. The main attention is paid to the consideration of the program documents, which became an important basis for the formation and further development of musical folklore, played an important role in the process of formation and further development of its main methodological approaches and principles of research. The definition of methodological approaches to work with folk-spiritual sources should take into account the fact that the state of collecting folklore activity is one of the important characteristics, which reveals the level of development of folklore in general. Creating questionnaires and numerous programs, experimental searches for new ways to record folklore material, attracting a large number of scholars and amateurs to this process, contributed to the development and activation of both collectivization and research activities. The view on folklore, as an achievement of the past, is organically linked with the presence of a large number of materials that are torn from the organic context of their existence, are separated from the essence and function of ritual action. This moment was one of the important and topical issues that played an important role in the development and compilation of many folklore research programs. A special place in the process of collecting activities belongs to documents, the characteristic feature of which is the availability of specific guidance on the specifics and features of the collection of folk material. In the history of Ukrainian folklore, these documents received a variety of definitions: guidance, instruction, questionnaire, program, recall, invitation, plan. The practice of creating programs with its roots dates back to the XIX century. The South-Western Department of the Russian Geographic Society actively conducted research on “Little Russian lands” under specially developed programs and questioners. The study of folk poetry in the second half of the XIX century was regarded as an obligatory component of ethnography and envisaged the collection, fixation and study of all manifestations of oral writing, in particular such genres as epics, fairy tales, songs, short stories, proverbs. If in the first programming documents folk music art was considered in the unity of all issues that concerned not only ritual action, but also the customs and traditions of peoples of a particular locality, then, since the 1860s, the meaning and function of the programs began to change, to be detailed in accordance with the chosen theme. Regulatory documents are created that deal with the fixation of purely ethnographic information. At the same time, programs are being developed to collect, fix and study samples of folk music. The first attempt to develop and compile programs for the collection of Ukrainian folklore and ethnographic material should be attributed to the 60’s of the XIX century. In the 1880’s, interest in the folkloric heritage became much more active, resulting in a significant number of program documents related to the collection and study of samples of folklore. In the preface to the collection “Songs of the Russian people”, published in the early 90’s of the XIX century, the principles of fixation of folklore texts in expedition are fully and meaningfully laid out. For the first time in the history of musical folkloristic forms and means of gathering activity are considered. The first program document “The Ethnographic Program for Search and Collecting and Research”, which was developed in the 1930’s in Ukraine, set itself the goal of studying the folklore and ethnographic treasury of the Ukrainian people from a general perspective and was widely used. Particular importance is taken by the program documents that were developed by the Music and Ethnographic Commission, the existence of which dates back to 1901. An analysis of existing collections and records of folklore samples shows that in the first third of the twentieth century particular attention was paid to the complex study of folk art. The value of the program documents of the end of the XIX – the first third of the XX century was in the quest to fully, accurately and reliably fix a variety of genre-related folklore and ethnographic material, to find out the conditions and peculiarities of it, the way of life, to identify the characteristic features and specificities of changes and transformations of song samples. The first program documents played an important role in the process of deploying collecting activities in the territory of Ukraine, becoming a scientific tool for further research and development of scientists of the 20th years of the XX century.