Розвиток легкої промисловості в українських губерніях Російської імперії в другій половині ХІХ - на початку ХХ століття

Abstract

У роботі досліджується проблема становлення та розвитку галузей легкої промисловості українських губерній Російської імперії в другій половині ХІХ – на початку ХХ ст. та розкрито їх вплив на соціально-економічне становище Наддніпрянської України. Проаналізовано й систематизовано джерела з даної проблематики. Представлено загальну картину стану галузей легкої промисловості. Відзначено, що їх розвиток залежав від імпорту устаткування, сировини і матеріалів. Висвітлено процес переходу легкої промисловості від мануфактурного до фабричного виробництва. Розглянуто питання технічного становища легкої промисловості, виділено та охарактеризовано особливості забезпечення машинами та обладнанням підприємств. Доведено, що галузі легкої промисловості, які в дореформений період виходили зі своєю продукцією на зовнішній ринок, у період промислового капіталізму почали занепадати, або дуже повільно розвиватися, працюючи на вузький внутрішній ринок. Розкрито систему підготовки інженерно-технічних кадрів та забезпечення цими фахівцями легкої промисловості українських губерній.

В работе исследуется проблема становления и развития отраслей легкой промышленности украинских губерний Российской империи во второй половине XIX – начале ХХ в. и раскрыто их влияние на социально- экономическое положение Приднепровской Украине. Проанализированы и систематизироваы источники по данной проблематике. Представлена общая картина состояния легкой промышленности. Отмечено, что их развитие зависело от импорта оборудования, сырья и материалов. Освещен процесс перехода легкой промышленности от мануфактурного к фабричному производству. Рассмотрены вопросы технического положения легкой промышленности, выделены и охарактеризованы особенности обеспечения машинами и оборудованием предприятий. Доказано, что отрасли легкой промышленности, которые в дореформенный период выходили со своей продукцией на внешний рынок, в период промышленного капитализма начали приходить в упадок, или очень медленно развиваться, работая на узкий внутренний рынок. Раскрыто систему подготовки инженерно-технических кадров и обеспечения этими специалистами легкой промышленности украинских губерний.

The issue of the unresolved crisis phenomena in the industry of Ukraine particular in the light industry is a special interest in the society and scientific circles to economic problems, it demands the stady of the specific experience in the menegament and development of the light industry of the Ukrainian provinces of the Russian Empire in the second half of the XIX-th – early XX-th centuries. The formation and developmentof the light industry in the Ukrainian provinces had thei own specificity in comparison with the general imperial tendencies. This experience shows that the light industry quickly adapted to the market conditions. The position of the light industry was determined by suc elements of the economy as trade, cooperation, industrial and financial capital, taxes, customs policy, pricing, markets etc. The maturity of these elements, the level of their introduction into economic relations became visible during the realization of the economical reforms in the 60’s XIX cent. The works about light industry appeared relatively long ago and in their nature have only a general outline of the main processes of the light industry development in Ukraine. The need for a deeper and more comprehensive study of the structure, organization, level of industrial production requires the expansion of the source base. Historiographic works of this issue consider light industry in the context of the policy of the tsarist government, its role in the economic development of Russia and Ukraine is significant in the study of the topic. As a result of the reform of 1861 new market relations changed the old feudal ones. Under these conditions, the merchants and nobles of the Over Dnipro Ukraine were actively involved into the development of commodity production. The light industry which was most represented by wool cloth, wool stockingsand wool washing branches was no exception in the studied region. It was shown in this research that the light industry of the Ukrainian provinces of the Russian Empire had its own peculiarities. The development of the most important branches of production largely depended from the imported equipment, raw materials and materials. Some branches of the light industry, especially cloth and rope began to decline during the period of industrial capitalism, they developed very slowly, working on a narrow domestic market. Ukraine was the market for the sale of textiles from the central and northern regions of Russia and Poland. Ukraine was also a rich source of raw materials for the textile industry of Russia. Comparing the industrial development of Russia and Ukraine, it can be affirmed that the manufacturing and textile industriesoccupied the leading place in Russia, while in the Over Dnipro Ukraine the textile industry was at eleventh place. By 1914 there were only 6 large textile enterprises in Ukraine: 3 in Kharkiv, 2 in Odesa and 1 in Lugansk. In Kharkiv two wool washing machines used Ukrainian and imported raw materials from the Caucasus and one sink-rope factory. The Black Sea roped plant and the jute factory worked in Odesa. In Lugansk there was a factory for the production of camel belts, transmission belts for mills, pressed cloth for olyans. During the First World War a part of textile enterprises were transported to Ukraine from Russia for the needs of the Army. The census of 1920 registered 126 enterprises (Kharkiv region 37, Odesa and Kyiv regions 17). Only 68 enterprises could produce products because of the lack of necessary equipment. During the investigated period, the number of wollen enterprises and workers on them decreased, and the volume of production decreased too. At the same time an intensive process of concentration, mechanization of production and the growth ofthe labour productivity took place on this basis. If in 1865 one enterprise produced the output amounted to 232897 rubles, then in 1895 – 648100 rubles. In that case, the volume of production of one company was almost threefold. So, the wool washing production in the Kherson province was constantly decreasing, and it was growing in the Kharkiv province. Thus, on the eve of the First World War, the light industry of Ukrainian provinces declined, a group of fibrous processing plants didn’t receive significant development in Ukraine. Ukraine provided for its demand for wool, cotton and other industrial goods by the products from the enterprises located in the other parts of the Russian Empire. Ukraine was also a rich source of raw materials for the textile and leather industry of Russia. The cotton industry wasn’t developedin Ukraine, its small factories arised and disappeared in the different provinces. The fabric industry was represented by relatively large enterprises, it was located compactly, and mainly focused in the Poltava and Chernihiv provinces. Even technically-developed cloth factories didn’t progressinthe Chernihiv province and the quality of the products decreased in the second half of the XIX-th century. The wool washing industry that declined in the second half of the XIX-th centurycontinued to play a significant role thanks to the development of this branch in the Kharkiv province. In the cable industry, only the Kharkiv rope factory and the Odesa jute factory were typical for developed capitalist enterprises. As an example the development of the leather industry shows the elements of the technical and economic falling of the Over Dnipro Ukraine.